dipole, interactions, electrostatic interactions, Van der Waals forces, size exclusion, affinity, etc.). The following sequence illustrates the general affinity of the functional groups towards a polar stationary phase like silica: ionic > acids/bases > amides > alcohols > ketones > aldehydes > esters > ethers > halides >
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These intermolecular forces are also sometimes called “London forces” or “momentary dipole” forces or “dispersion” forces. We know that while carbon dioxide is a non-polar molecule, we can still freeze it (and we can also freeze all other non-polar substances).